Special Pathology

In many hematological conditions, particularly leukemias, examination of the bone marrow may be the only procedure to arrive at a correct diagnosis. It provides the opportunity of directly examining the tissue which forms blood cells. The examination is easy to perform and safe, except in severe bleeding disorders like hemophilia, and can be performed as an outdoor procedure as many times as required. There are two methods of examining the bone marrow:  Smears prepared from a needle aspirate  Sections prepared from a trephine or open surgical biopsy specimen of the bone marrow  Smears show better morphological details of individual cells and are also used for cytochemical staining and immunological studies. However these do not show spatial distribution of normal and abnormal cells and their exact quantity. For this a biopsy section is examined. THE ASPIRATION OF BONE MARROW INDICATIONS  A needle aspiration of the bone marrow is indicated for the diagnosis of primary...

Basic Principles of Lab Works I. Pre-Lab Principles 1. Familiarize Yourself with the Lab Take a tour of the lab to understand the layout and location of equipment, safety features, and emergency exits. Read and understand lab manuals, guidelines, and protocols. Familiarize yourself with lab-specific safety procedures and emergency response plans. 2. Read and Follow Protocols Carefully read and understand established protocols and procedures for experiments and tests. Follow protocols precisely, and do not deviate from them without proper authorization. Take notes and record any modifications or variations made to protocols. 3. Wear Proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Wear lab coats, gloves, safety glasses, and other required PPE to protect yourself from chemicals, biological agents, and physical hazards. Ensure PPE is in good condition and properly fitted. Remove PPE when leaving the lab and dispose of it properly. II. Safety Principles HAZARDS IN A PATHOLOGY LABORATORY AND RELA...